I too came from a windows sysprep background, so I know what you are seeking.
If you look on https://www.youtube.com/c/LearnLinuxtv Jay has a series of videos on how to setup Proxmox, within one of those videos he outlines how to use the “Cloud-Init” feature which regenerates either a machine GUID or something similar. When setup with a template, each new vm cloned will be unique on the network. As I use Proxmox, it gave me basically the same thing as sysprep, it might help you.
I too struggled to find a Linux version of sysprep, but I think I don’t know the exact term in Linux.
In the linux world you do not really “Sysprep” a system with an image and even in the more modern Windows world this is going away in favor of scripted deployments. If you are cloning a VM Cloud Initi is one method
Another way to to do a minimal load of the OS and have a tool such as Ansibe build out the system